nontumorigenic breast epithelial cell line mcf12a  (ATCC)

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Methodological and Cellular Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Breast Cancer and Normal Cell Radiosensitization Using Gold Nanoparticles

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S412458

Figure Lengend Snippet: The viability of MDA-MB-231 (blue) and MCF12A (green) cells after the incubation with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs10 nm , RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 10nm , RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 30nm , RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 30nm . ( A ) The viability of MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 h of incubation with AuNPs. ( B ) The viability of MDA-MB-231 cells after 48 h of incubation with AuNPs. ( C ) The viability of MCF12A cells after 24 h of incubation with AuNPs. ( D ) The viability of MCF12A cells after 48 h of incubation with AuNPs. The wide range of the AuNPs concentration was checked; 0.0004, 0.0008, 0.0012, 0.002, 0.006, 0.012, 0.02 mg/mL. The values presented in the graph are the mean of the obtained results and the standard deviation. The experiment was performed in triplicate.

Article Snippet: In the study, breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) and breast mammary epithelial cell (MCF12A) lines were used (ATCC).

Techniques: Incubation, Concentration Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Methodological and Cellular Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Breast Cancer and Normal Cell Radiosensitization Using Gold Nanoparticles

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S412458

Figure Lengend Snippet: The relative SSC-H parameter level of MDA-MB-231 and MCF12A cells after the incubation with AuNPs. All AuNPs’ concentrations were 0.0004, 0.0008, and 0.0012 mg/mL. The experiment was performed in triplicate in TP of the 30 min, 1, 3, 6 and 24 h incubation using MDA-MB-231 cells with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 10nm ( A ) and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 10nm ( B ), RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 30nm ( C ) and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 30nm ( D ). The uptake assessment for MCF12A cells was performed in triplicate in TP of the 30 min, 1, 3, 6 and 24 h incubation with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 10nm ( E ) and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 10nm ( F ), RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 30nm ( G ) and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 30nm ( H ).

Article Snippet: In the study, breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) and breast mammary epithelial cell (MCF12A) lines were used (ATCC).

Techniques: Incubation

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Methodological and Cellular Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Breast Cancer and Normal Cell Radiosensitization Using Gold Nanoparticles

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S412458

Figure Lengend Snippet: The Comparison of ROS generation level between MDA-MB-231 and MCF12A cells. The experiment was performed using TPs of the 10, 20, 30 and 40 min incubation. The ROS assay was carried out using MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 10nm ( A ) and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 10nm ( B ), RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 30nm ( C ) and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 30nm ( D ) and MCF12A cells treated with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 10nm ( E ) and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 10nm ( F ), RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 30nm ( G ) and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 30nm ( H ). All AuNPs’ concentrations were 0.0004, 0.0008, and 0.0012 mg/mL.

Article Snippet: In the study, breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) and breast mammary epithelial cell (MCF12A) lines were used (ATCC).

Techniques: Comparison, Incubation, ROS Assay

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Methodological and Cellular Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Breast Cancer and Normal Cell Radiosensitization Using Gold Nanoparticles

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S412458

Figure Lengend Snippet: The mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1) after the incubation of MCF12A cells with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 10nm , RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 10nm , RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 30nm , and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 30nm . In living cells, the JC-1 dye is absorbed into active mitochondria, where it forms aggregates with fluorescent properties. JC-1 monomers fluoresce under green light (530nm light emission) and JC-1 aggregates fluoresce under red light (595nm light emission). In apoptotic or damaged cells with a low potential of the mitochondrial membrane, JC-1 does not form aggregates, it remains in the form of green fluorescent monomers. The JC-1 level was checked every 5 min till 30 min ( A ). The control group (CTR) was TP of 0 min ( B ). The immunofluorescence JC-1 images were taken after 5, 15 and 25 min of the incubation with AuNPs. The MCF12A cells were photographed after the 5 min ( C ), 15 min ( D ) and 25 min ( E ) incubation with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 10nm , after the 5 min ( F ), 15 min ( G ) and 25 min ( H ) incubation with RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 10nm , after the 5 min ( I ), 15 min ( J ) and 25 min ( K ) incubation with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 30nm , after the 5 min ( L ), 15 min ( M ) and 25 min ( N ) incubation with RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 30nm . Immunofluorescence was photographed using a Olympus IX83 microscope (Boston Industries, Inc., MA, USA).

Article Snippet: In the study, breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) and breast mammary epithelial cell (MCF12A) lines were used (ATCC).

Techniques: Membrane, Incubation, Control, Immunofluorescence, Microscopy

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Methodological and Cellular Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Breast Cancer and Normal Cell Radiosensitization Using Gold Nanoparticles

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S412458

Figure Lengend Snippet: Percentage of cells in the G1, S, and G2 phases of cell cycle after incubation with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 10nm , RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 10nm , RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 30nm and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 30nm . The concentration of AuNPs was 0,0004 mg/mL. Three different TPs of incubation were used (24, 48 and 72 h). Plots present the cell cycle distribution of MDA-MB-231 cells after the 24 h ( A ), 48 h ( B ) and 72 h ( C ) incubation and of MCF12A cells after the 24 h ( D ), 48 h ( E ) and 72 h ( F ) incubation.

Article Snippet: In the study, breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) and breast mammary epithelial cell (MCF12A) lines were used (ATCC).

Techniques: Incubation, Concentration Assay

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Methodological and Cellular Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Breast Cancer and Normal Cell Radiosensitization Using Gold Nanoparticles

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S412458

Figure Lengend Snippet: The surviving fraction (SF) of MDA-MB-231 and MCF12A cells. SF was analyzed after the cells exposure to a dose of 2 Gy and dose of 2 Gy with the previous 30 min, 3 and 24 h incubation with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 10nm, and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 10nm , RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 30nm and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 30nm in the concentration of 0.0004 mg/mL. The control group was not exposed to AuNPs and IR. Plots show obtained SF results of MDA-MB-231 cells after exposition of 2 Gy and: the 30 min ( A ), 3 h ( B ), 24 h ( C ) previous incubation with AuNPs and MCF12A cells after exposition of 2 Gy and: the 30 min ( D ), 3 h ( E ), 24 h ( F ) previous incubation with AuNPs. The setting of the p-value was *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: In the study, breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) and breast mammary epithelial cell (MCF12A) lines were used (ATCC).

Techniques: Incubation, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Methodological and Cellular Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Breast Cancer and Normal Cell Radiosensitization Using Gold Nanoparticles

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S412458

Figure Lengend Snippet: The relative γH2AX level of MDA-MB-231 ( A ) and MCF12A cells ( B ). Cells were previously incubated with AuNPs for 30 min, 3 and 24 h before irradiation of 2 Gy. The setting of the p-value was *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, **p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: In the study, breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) and breast mammary epithelial cell (MCF12A) lines were used (ATCC).

Techniques: Incubation, Irradiation

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Methodological and Cellular Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Breast Cancer and Normal Cell Radiosensitization Using Gold Nanoparticles

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S412458

Figure Lengend Snippet: The relative P53 level of MDA-MB-231 ( A ) and MCF12A cells ( B ). Cells were previously incubated with AuNPs for 30 min, 3 and 24 h before irradiation of 2 Gy. The setting of the p-value was *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: In the study, breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) and breast mammary epithelial cell (MCF12A) lines were used (ATCC).

Techniques: Incubation, Irradiation

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Methodological and Cellular Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Breast Cancer and Normal Cell Radiosensitization Using Gold Nanoparticles

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S412458

Figure Lengend Snippet: Immunofluorescence of MCF12A cells after irradiation and previous incubation with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 10nm , RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 10nm , RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 30nm and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 30nm . The concentration of AuNPs was 0.0004 mg/mL. Three different TPs of the cells incubation with AuNPs before irradiation were used (30 min, 3 and 24 h). Cells after exposition to AuNPs and IR were analyzed using immunofluorescence to detect γH2AX (red color) and P53 foci (green color). The nuclei of cells were dyed with DAPI solution (blue color). The control group was not exposed to AuNPs and IR ( A – C ). To compare the effect of AuNPs added before IR, the group of cells exposed only to 2 Gy was presented ( D – F ). Images show obtained results of MCF12A cells after exposition of 2 Gy and: the 30 min ( G ), 3 h ( H ), 24 h ( I ) previous incubation with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 10nm ; the 30 min ( J ), 3 h ( K ), 24 h ( L ) previous incubation with RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 10nm ; the 30 min ( M ), 3 h ( N ), 24 h ( O ) previous incubation with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 30nm and the 30 min ( P ), 3 h ( R ), 24 h ( S ) previous incubation with RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 30nm . Immunofluorescence was photographed using a Olympus IX83 microscope (Boston Industries, Inc., MA, USA).

Article Snippet: In the study, breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) and breast mammary epithelial cell (MCF12A) lines were used (ATCC).

Techniques: Immunofluorescence, Irradiation, Incubation, Concentration Assay, Control, Microscopy

Journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine

Article Title: Methodological and Cellular Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Breast Cancer and Normal Cell Radiosensitization Using Gold Nanoparticles

doi: 10.2147/IJN.S412458

Figure Lengend Snippet: The annexin V assay result. After IR and the previous incubation with RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 10nm , RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 10nm , RGD-PEG 800 -AuNPs 30nm and RGD-PEG 2000 -AuNPs 30nm cells were analyzed using the annexin V to assess the percentage of cells in each kind of apoptotic states. The concentration of AuNPs was 0,0004 mg/mL. Three different TPs of the cells incubation with AuNPs before irradiation were used (30 min, 3 and 24 h). The control group was not exposed to AuNPs. Plots show obtained results of MDA-MB-231 cells after exposition of 2 Gy and: the 30 min ( A ), 3 h ( B ), 24 h ( C ) previous incubation with AuNPs and MCF12A cells after exposition of 2 Gy and: the 30 min ( D ), 3 h ( E ), 24 h ( F ) previous incubation with AuNPs. The setting of the p-value was *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: In the study, breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) and breast mammary epithelial cell (MCF12A) lines were used (ATCC).

Techniques: Annexin V Assay, Incubation, Concentration Assay, Irradiation, Control

Journal: Breast Cancer Research : BCR

Article Title: Consistent and reproducible cultures of large-scale 3D mammary epithelial structures using an accessible bioprinting platform

doi: 10.1186/s13058-018-1045-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Manual matrix embedding versus bioprinting of MCF12A cells. ( a ) Example of random organoid dispersion and morphology of MCF12A cells following manual matrix embedding in collagen gels at 5, 8, 10, and 14 days. ( b–d ) Examples of resulting organoid morphologies from manual matrix embedded MCF12a cells: ( b ) “sphere-like”, ( c ) “duct-like”, ( d ) “star-like”. ( e ) Example of controlled and organized growth of MCF12A organoids following three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. ( f ) Image of our accessible bioprinting platform. ( g ) Visual representation of machine path during insertion routine . Scale bars: a = 200 μM, b–d = 100 μM, e = 500 μM

Article Snippet: Immortalized non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell lines MCF12A and MCF10A were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Dispersion

Journal: Breast Cancer Research : BCR

Article Title: Consistent and reproducible cultures of large-scale 3D mammary epithelial structures using an accessible bioprinting platform

doi: 10.1186/s13058-018-1045-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bioprinting of as few as 10 cells per print location results in consistent organoid formation. MCF12A cells were printed using initial cell concentration of 5, 10, 40, or 60 cells (columns left to right, respectively) at a distance of 500 μm between print locations. Images were taken at days 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, and 14 (rows top to bottom, respectively). Initial injections of 10 or more cells resulted in consistent organoid formation. Consistent fusion of multiple print locations was seen by day 14 when at least 10 cells were printed per injection site. Scale bar: 500 μm

Article Snippet: Immortalized non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell lines MCF12A and MCF10A were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Injection

Journal: Breast Cancer Research : BCR

Article Title: Consistent and reproducible cultures of large-scale 3D mammary epithelial structures using an accessible bioprinting platform

doi: 10.1186/s13058-018-1045-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Organoid fusion occurs between organoids printed up to 500 μM apart. ( a ) MCF12A cells were printed (40 cells per print location) at distances of 500 μm, 400 μm, 300 μm, and 200 μm (columns left to right, respectively). Consistent fusion was seen by day 11 in all cases, and contiguous organoids formed between prints spaced not more than 400 μm apart. Scale bar: 500 μm. ( b ) By day 14, organoids fused into contiguous luminal structures that maintained the linear array shape. Scale bar: 500 μm. ( c ) 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) stained 5 μM section of a large contiguous, duct-like structure in 21-day-old MCF12A culture. Scale bar: 200 μm

Article Snippet: Immortalized non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell lines MCF12A and MCF10A were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Breast Cancer Research : BCR

Article Title: Consistent and reproducible cultures of large-scale 3D mammary epithelial structures using an accessible bioprinting platform

doi: 10.1186/s13058-018-1045-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bioprinting of non-linear organoids. MCF12A cells were printed in 40-cell clusters in a radial pattern with print spacings of ( a ) 500 μm, ( b ) 400 μm, and ( c ) 300 μm. ( a1–c1 ) Image of printed cell clusters 7 days after print demonstrating early development into individual organoids. ( a2–c2 ) Image of printed cell clusters 14 days after print demonstrating fusion of individual organoids into a contiguous circular organoid. ( d ) Image of red fluorescent protein–positive (RFP + ) MCF12A cells forming large circular organoid 14 days after print. ( e ) Example of a large circular organoid 24 days after print measuring about 4 mm in diameter. ( f ) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) cross-section of circular organoid shown in e demonstrating luminal sections within the organoid. Scale bars = 500 μm

Article Snippet: Immortalized non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell lines MCF12A and MCF10A were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques:

Journal: Breast Cancer Research : BCR

Article Title: Consistent and reproducible cultures of large-scale 3D mammary epithelial structures using an accessible bioprinting platform

doi: 10.1186/s13058-018-1045-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Alternated prints form contiguous organoids with intermingled cells. Alternating red fluorescent protein (RFP)- and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled MCF12A cells. ( a and b ) Examples of organoids resulting from alternating prints of RFP + and GFP + MCF12A cells. Forty GFP + and RFP + MCF12A cells were printed with 200-μm spacing, and cells were grown and imaged at ( a ) day 7 and ( b ) day 9. Scale bar: 200 μm. ( c ) Immunofluorescence staining of CX32 (red) and GFP (green) in cross-section of an organoid formed as described in ( a and b ). Presence of GFP + cells intermingled along the same lumen as GFP − cells with expression of CX32 along cell boundaries indicates that the cells from adjacent print sites intermingled and formed cellular junctions with cells from neighboring prints to form contiguous structures Scale bars: a and b = 500 μm; c = 50 μm

Article Snippet: Immortalized non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell lines MCF12A and MCF10A were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Labeling, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Expressing

Journal: Breast Cancer Research : BCR

Article Title: Consistent and reproducible cultures of large-scale 3D mammary epithelial structures using an accessible bioprinting platform

doi: 10.1186/s13058-018-1045-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Adaptation of bioprinting protocol for MCF10A cells and Geltrex hydrogels. ( a ) MCF10A cells growing in rat tail collagen 7 days after printing. Scale bar: 250 μm. ( b and c ) MCF10A ( b ) and MCF12A ( c ) cell deposits 7 days after print in Geltrex at 500-μm spacing. Scale bar: 250 μm. ( d ) and ( e ) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained cross-sections of MCF10A cells 7 days after printing in rat tail collagen ( d ) and Geltrex ( e ). Scale bar: 100 μm

Article Snippet: Immortalized non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell lines MCF12A and MCF10A were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Breast Cancer Research : BCR

Article Title: Consistent and reproducible cultures of large-scale 3D mammary epithelial structures using an accessible bioprinting platform

doi: 10.1186/s13058-018-1045-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: Breast epithelial morphology in human collagen . ( a ) Bioprinted red fluorescent protein (RFP) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) MCF12A cell deposits in human collagen gel 2 days after printing. ( b ) GFP ( b1 ), RFP ( b2 ), and merged ( b3 and b4 ) images of organoid formed from alternating prints of GFP and RFP MCF12A cells in human collagen 7 days after printing; higher magnification image ( b4 ) demonstrates mix of GFP + and RFP + cells in the same structure. c ) Immunofluorescent staining of a cross-section of the organoid in ( b ) with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) ( c1 ; blue), GFP ( c2 ; green), and RFP ( c3 ; red). Merged image ( c4 ) demonstrates presence of both cell types in the same organoid structure. Scale bars: a = 200 μm, b = 500 μm, c = 100 μM

Article Snippet: Immortalized non-tumorigenic human breast epithelial cell lines MCF12A and MCF10A were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors are essential for breast cancer cells to control their lipid/fatty acid metabolism

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A-C) Expression of HCAs in breast cancer (n = 9) versus normal (n = 3) patient tissue (two-tailed unpaired t-test, Welch's correction). (D-F) Expression of HCAs in primary human breast cancer cells (n = 3) versus non-tumorigenic epithelia breast cells MCF12A (two-tailed unpaired t-test, Welch's correction). (G-I) HCA expression in breast cancer cells BT-474, HCC1954 and HCC38 versus non-tumorigenic epithelia breast cells MCF12A (n = 6 for all except for HCC38 n = 3, ordinary One-Way ANOVA, Dunnett's multiple comparisons test). (J-L) mRNA expression of HCA in two leukemia cell lines (CEM, HL60), two lung cancer cell lines (DMS53, A549) and one prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) versus non-tumorigenic epithelia breast cells MCF12A (n = 3 except for MCF12A n = 6, ordinary One-Way ANOVA, Dunnett's multiple comparisons test). Data is shown as mean ± SEM. # P ≤ 0.1* P ≤ 0.05; ** P ≤ 0.01; *** P ≤ 0.001.

Article Snippet: Human breast cancer cell lines BT-474 (ATCC® HTB-20TM), HCC1954 (ATCC® CRL-2338TM) and HCC38 (ATCC® CRL-2314TM), the non-tumorigenic epithelial breast cell line MCF12A (ATCC® CRL-10782TM), the lung cancer cell lines A549 (ATCC® CCL-185TM) and DMS53 (ATCC® CRL-2062TM), the leukemia cell lines CCRF-CEM [CCRF CEM] (ATCC® CCL-119TM) (CEM) and HL60 (ATCC® CCL-240TM), the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP (ATCC® CRL-1740TM) and the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293T (ATCC® CRL-3216TM) were obtained from American Type Culture Collection and maintained following the recommendations from ATCC.

Techniques: Expressing, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Oncotarget

Article Title: Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptors are essential for breast cancer cells to control their lipid/fatty acid metabolism

doi:

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) Crystal violet staining of BT-474, HCC1954 MCF12A and HEK293T cells transfected with siRNA directed against HCA 1 , HCA 2 and HCA 3 versus scrambled negative control (siNC) after 48h. Cell viability of siHCA 1 (B), siHCA 2 (C) and siHCA 3 (D) versus siNC transfected BT-474, HCC1954 (both: 24h: n = 3, 48h: n = 4, 72h: n = 6), HCC38 (24h, 48h, 72h: each n = 3) MCF12A and HEK293T (both 72h: n = 3) cells. All data is shown as mean ± SEM. p-values were determined using a two-tailed unpaired t-test. * P ≤ 0.05; ** P ≤ 0.01; *** P ≤ 0.001.

Article Snippet: Human breast cancer cell lines BT-474 (ATCC® HTB-20TM), HCC1954 (ATCC® CRL-2338TM) and HCC38 (ATCC® CRL-2314TM), the non-tumorigenic epithelial breast cell line MCF12A (ATCC® CRL-10782TM), the lung cancer cell lines A549 (ATCC® CCL-185TM) and DMS53 (ATCC® CRL-2062TM), the leukemia cell lines CCRF-CEM [CCRF CEM] (ATCC® CCL-119TM) (CEM) and HL60 (ATCC® CCL-240TM), the prostate cancer cell line LNCaP (ATCC® CRL-1740TM) and the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293T (ATCC® CRL-3216TM) were obtained from American Type Culture Collection and maintained following the recommendations from ATCC.

Techniques: Staining, Transfection, Negative Control, Two Tailed Test